ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the effect of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) on angiogenesis in random rat skin flaps, by immunoexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A). Methods: Forty adult rats were divided into four groups: GE) epilated; GE/HBO) epilated subjected to HBO; GER) epilated submitted to dorsal skin flap; GER/HBO) epilated subjected to dorsal skin flap + HBO. HBO was performed with rats inside a chamber under atmosphere close to 100% oxygen and pressure of 2.4 absolute atmospheres, 2h per day during seven consecutive days. GE and GER groups were placed in the hyperbaric chamber without HBO. Then, under anesthesia, skin flaps were removed and separated into three portions relative to pedicle fixation. The samples were fixed in formalin and processed for paraffin embedding. Histological sections were submitted to immunohistochemistry for VEGF-A detection. The number of immunostained-blood vessels were counted under light microscopy. Results: GE and GE/HBO groups showed normal and similar skin morphology in the three flap portions. A fibrin-leukocyte crust, along with denatured collagen and intense leukocyte infiltrate, was mainly observed in the dermis of the medial and distal flap portions of GER group. Meanwhile, the GER/HBO group presented more regions with intact collagen and small areas of leukocyte infiltrate in the three flap regions. VEGF-A-immunostained blood vessels were largely seen in all regions of GE and GE/HBO groups, whereas no significant differences were found between these groups. A decrease in vascularization was noticed in GER and GER/HBO groups, which was more evident in the most distal portion of the flaps. However, the number of VEGF-A-immunostained blood vessels in GER/HBO group was significantly higher when compared to GER group. Conclusions: Hyperbaric oxygenation was associated with increased angiogenesis and improved viability of rat skin flaps.

ABSTRACT The first breast augmentation surgery with silicone implants was performed at the Jefferson Davis Hospital in Houston (USA) about 50 years ago. Recent advances in medical technology have made implants of various shapes and textures commercially available and led to the development of numerous techniques for performing this surgery. However, this surgical procedure may have some immediate and long-term local complications . Since the implant is made of biocompatible material , it is important to investigate and report complications that occur despite the 50 years of research. The purpose of this study was to review the most frequent complications occurring after breast augmentation surgery with silicone implants and to report a case of an unusual complication, Mondor’s disease.

RESUMO Há 50 anos, no Jefferson Davis Hospital, em Houston (EUA), realizou-se a primeira cirurgia de mamoplastia de aumento com implantes de silicone. Atualmente, o avanço da tecnologia médica disponibilizou no mercado implantes de diversas formas e texturas, assim como permitiu o desenvolvimento de inúmeras técnicas para a realização desta cirurgia. Este procedimento cirúrgico pode apresentar algumas complicações locais imediatas e tardias no pós-operatório. Por se tratar de um implante constituído de material biocompatível ao organismo, mesmo com 50 anos de evolução, deve-se sempre estudar e, se possível, relatar as possíveis complicações que possam ocorrer. O objetivo deste artigo é revisar as complicações mais frequentes que ocorrem no pós-operatório das mamoplastias de aumento com implante de silicone, bem como relatar o caso de uma complicação atípica, doença de Mondor, no pós-operatório desta cirurgia.

PURPOSE:To demonstrate an experimental model of up to four hours a week of independent study that allows relearning in microvascular sutures.METHODS:Wistar rats between 200 and 500 grams surplus research experiments were used. Femoral vessels are covered on one or both sides through a groin incision obliquely along the inguinal ligament. Femoral artery and vein are isolated and measured being clamped and cut. The individual performs in microvascular anastomosis complexity arterial and venous terminoterminal sequence. terminolateral and venous and arterial grafts in vessels. Permeability is evaluated by testing vascular patency after creation of microvascular anastomosis.RESULTS:In the first specimen, only arterial and venous vascular anastomosis are performed terminoterminal. The average diameter of the femoral veins varies from 0.8 to 2 mm between rodents (artery, between 0.6 and 1.4 mm, between 0.8 and 2 mm vein). The superficiality of the vessels allows faster dissection, may also be held in other inguinal region.CONCLUSION:The model of individual retraining allows learning microvascular suture in individuals of permanent staff.

PURPOSE:To present an animal model to assess the effects of end-to-side innervation in the heterotopically transplanted model with reduced chances of neural contamination.METHODS: The medial portion of the gastrocnemius muscle in wistar male rats was isolated and its pedicle dissected and performed a flap in the abdominal portion. To prevent neural contamination in the abdominal region, the muscle was wrapped with a Goretex(r) sheet. The specimens were divided into 2 groups (G). In G1 was performed an end-to-end suture between tibial nerve of the gastrocnemius and femoral motor nerve and between the saphenous sensory nerve and the motor nerve. In G2 was performed a end-to-side suture between the tibial nerve and the motor femoral and between the tibial nerve and saphenous motor nerve. The specimens were evaluated 60 days later to check the structure of the neurorraphy. Sections were obtained proximal and distal to the coaptation site.RESULTS: The medial gastrocnemius muscle had the advantage of maintaining visible mass after 60 days. No disruption of the coaptation site was found. No major injury to the donor nerve was seen in group 2.CONCLUSION:The proposed model is simple, reproduciple and prevent the neural contamination in the flap in end-to-side suture.

INTRODUÇÃO: A oxigenação hiperbárica (OHB) tem por objetivo aumentar em pelo menos 10 vezes a pressão tecidual de oxigênio, diminuindo os efeitos deletérios da isquemia. O objetivo deste estudo é investigar o papel da oxigenação hiperbárica na expressão imuno-histoquímica da caspase 3 e do fator de crescimento endotelial vascular (VEGF) em retalhos randômicos em ratos. MÉTODO: Trinta e dois ratos Wistar machos foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: grupo sham (GS), grupo N-acetilcisteína (GNAC), grupo OHB (GOHB) e grupo OHB + N-acetilcisteína (GHN). Um retalho de pele retangular (2 cm x 8 cm) foi dissecado a partir da camada muscular dorsal, preservando um pedículo cranial. Uma lâmina de polietileno foi colocada sobre a camada muscular e fixou-se o retalho no local original. No 8º dia, foram coletadas biópsias (2 cm x 1 cm) de espessura total das áreas proximal, média e cranial e de um local fora do retalho, que serviu como área de controle. RESULTADOS: A expressão de VEGF nas camadas da pele e nos vasos não apresentou diferenças significativas entre os grupos. As células apoptóticas estavam significativamente aumentadas na área central do retalho em todos os grupos. O maior aumento ocorreu nos grupos GS e GNAC. A OHB diminuiu significativamente o número de células caspase 3 positivas nas camadas da pele e nos vasos das três áreas. CONCLUSÕES: A OHB foi associada a expressão reduzida de apoptose. A expressão de VEGF em camadas da pele e vasos não demonstrou diferença significativa. Os resultados sugerem que a difusão do oxigênio através do espaço intersticial foi o fator determinante para os resultados mais favoráveis da OHB na diminuição da expressão de apoptose.

BACKGROUND: Hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO) therapy aims to increase oxygen tissue pressure by at least 10 times and decrease the adverse effects of ischemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of HBO on the immunohistochemical expressions of caspase 3 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in random flaps in rats. METHODS: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were randomly divided into 4 groups: the sham group (GS), the N-acetylcysteine group (GNAC), the HBO group, and the HBO + N-acetylcysteine group. A rectangular skin flap (2 × 8 cm) was dissected from the dorsal muscle layer, and a cranial pedicle was preserved. A polyethylene film was placed on the muscle layer, and the flap was fixed in the original site. On the eighth day, biopsy samples (2 × 1 cm) of the entire thickness of the proximal, medial, and cranial areas as well as of the site outside the flap, which was used as a control, were collected. RESULTS: VEGF expression in the skin layers and vessels was not significantly different between the groups. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly increased in the area of the flap in all groups. The highest increase was noted in the GS and GNAC groups. HBO significantly reduced the number of caspase 3-positive cells in the skin layers and vessels of the 3 areas. CONCLUSIONS: HBO was associated with decreased apoptosis. VEGF expression in the skin layers and vessels did not differ significantly. The results suggest that oxygen diffusion through the interstitial space was the determining factor for the positive effect of HBO on the decrease in apoptosis.

CONTEXTO: Deformidades congênitas da parede torácica anterior são caracterizadas pelo desenvolvimento anormal das cartilagens costais. Todas essas afecções são frequentemente associadas com as mais diferentes deformidades da mama. Várias técnicas cirúrgicas têm sido utilizadas para a correção desde as esternocondroplastias até, atualmente, técnicas minimamente invasivas e próteses de silicone. RELATO DE CASO: O presente artigo relata o caso de uma paciente jovem que apresentava ptose mamária bilateral e uma forma moderada de pectus excavatum que ocasionava uma protrusão entre a oitava e a décima costelas, tendo como consequencia a desarmonia estética. O tratamento cirúrgico proposto incluiu, além de implantes mamários sub-glandulares de poliuretano, ressecção de parte da cartilagem da costela e parte do segmento ósseo da oitava, nona e décima costelas por uma única incisão sub-mamária para tornar a cicatriz minimamente visível. A correção por meio de uma única incisão beneficiou a paciente, proporcionando excelente resultado estético. CONCLUSÕES: As técnicas utilizadas para reparação da ptose mamária bilateral e do pectus excavatum pelas equipes de cirurgia plástica e torácica, respectivamente, demonstraram-se eficazes para correção de ambas as deformidades. Foi obtido ótimo resultado estético e funcional com consequente retomada da auto-estima da paciente.

CONTEXT: Congenital deformities of the anterior thoracic wall are characterized by unusual development of the costal cartilages. All these medical conditions are frequently associated with a variety of breast deformities. Several surgical techniques have been described for correcting them, going from sternochondroplasty to, nowadays, minimally invasive techniques and silicone prosthesis implantation. CASE REPORT: The present article reports the case of a young female patient who presented bilateral mammary ptosis and moderate pectus excavatum that caused a protrusion between the eighth and the tenth ribs and consequent esthetic disharmony. The proposed surgical treatment included not only subglandular breast implants of polyurethane, but also resection of part of the rib cartilage and a bone segment from the eighth, ninth and tenth ribs by means of a single submammary incision in order to make the scar minimally visible. Correction through a single incision benefited the patient and provided an excellent esthetic result. CONCLUSIONS: The techniques used to repair bilateral mammary ptosis and pectus excavatum by plastic and thoracic surgery teams, respectively, have been shown to be efficient for correcting both deformities. An excellent esthetic and functional result was obtained, with consequent reestablishment of the patient's self-esteem.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os avanços das técnicas em cirurgia plástica permitiram a reconstrução de extensos defeitos causados por ferimentos, entre as quais destaca-se a utilização dos retalhos randômicos. No entanto, o fator limitante para a utilização desses retalhos é a imprevisibilidade de sua vascularização distal, o que poderá ocasionar danos irreversíveis à microcirculação, resultando em necrose parcial ou completa do retalho, tornando a ferida mais suscetível a infecção. Portanto, melhorar a viabilidade do retalho randômico, principalmente em sua extremidade distal, tem sido uma meta importante para o sucesso dessa técnica. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o papel da oxigenação hiperbárica (OHB), da N-acetilcisteína (NAC) e da associação de ambas (OHB + NAC) na área de necrose em retalhos randômicos modificados de McFarlane em pele de ratos Wistar. MÉTODO: No total, 32 ratos Wistar machos foram divididos aleatoriamente em grupo Sham (GS, n = 8), grupo N-acetilcisteína (GNAC, n = 8), grupo oxigênio hiperbárico (GOHB, n = 8) e grupo oxigênio hiperbárico + N-acetilcisteína (GHN, n = 8). Sob anestesia geral, foi executado um retalho randômico modificado de McFarlane na região dorsal dos ratos. RESULTADOS: A necrose média foi de 18,3%, 24,3%, 12,6% e 14,9%, respectivamente, nos grupos GS, GNAC, GOHB e GHN. Os grupos GOHB e GHN apresentaram diferença significativa quando comparados ao grupo GNAC. CONCLUSÕES: A OHB está associada a redução da área de necrose do retalho cutâneo. A NAC foi associada a maus resultados quando usada isoladamente. A associação dos dois procedimentos, OHB e NAC, não potencializou os resultados favoráveis observados com o uso da OHB isoladamente. As descobertas sugerem que a difusão de oxigênio através do espaço intersticial foi o fator determinante de resultados mais favoráveis da OHB.

BACKGROUND: Advances in plastic surgery techniques have enabled reconstruction of extensive wound damage, especially through the use of random flaps. However, the limiting factor for the use of these flaps is the unpredictable blood supply, which may produce irreversible damage to the microcirculation and result in partial or complete flap necrosis, making the wound more susceptible to infection. Therefore, improvement of random flaps, especially in the distal extremity, has been an essential goal for the success of this technique. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of hyperbaric oxygenation (HBO), N-acetylcysteine (NAC), and the combination of both (HBO + NAC) on the degree of necrosis in modified McFarlane random skin flaps on Wistar rats. METHODS: A total of 32 male Wistar rats were randomly divided into a sham treatment group (SG, n = 8), N-acetylcysteine group (NACG, n = 8), hyperbaric oxygenation group (HBOG, n = 8), and hyperbaric oxygenation plus N-acetylcysteine group (HNG, n = 8). Modified McFarlane random flaps were created in the dorsal region of the rats. RESULTS: The average area of the flaps exhibiting necrosis was 18.3%, 24.3%, 12.6%, and 14.9%, in the SG, NACG, HBOG, and HNG, respectively. The necrotic areas in the HBOG and HNG were significantly smaller than that in the NACG. CONCLUSIONS: HBO treatment was associated with a reduction in the area of necrosis in the skin flaps. NAC treatment alone gave poor results. The use of HBO and NAC in combination did not improve the outcome compared with the use of HBO alone. The findings suggest that oxygen diffusion through the interstitial space was the factor responsible for the favorable results of HBO.

INTRODUÇÃO:A rinoplastia, assim como diversos procedimentos estéticos, apresenta parcos estudos objetivos quanto à satisfação dos pacientes. O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar o grau de satisfação a longo prazo dos pacientes submetidos a rinoplastia na Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, em um estudo retrospectivo, utilizando questionário validado. MÉTODO: Foram selecionados todos (n = 119) os pacientes submetidos a rinoplastia no Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre, nos anos de 2007, 2008 e 2009, para aplicação de um questionário validado, com o objetivo de avaliar o grau de satisfação pós-operatória. RESULTADOS: Foram contatados 60 (50,42%) pacientes no estudo. Quanto à satisfação global com o resultado estético-funcional da rinoplastia, 85,48% dos pacientes afirmaram estar satisfeitos. Estratificando esse valor, foi observado que 88,3% dos pacientes estavam muito ou completamente satisfeitos com o aspecto estético pós-operatório do nariz; quanto à função nasal pós-operatória, 83,3% reportaram estar muito ou completamente aptos a respirar pelo nariz; quanto à impressão de amigos e familiares sobre o aspecto final do nariz, 93,3% afirmaram estar muito ou completamente satisfeitos com o resultado; 93,3% afirmaram que raramente ou nunca tiveram limitação das atividades sociais ou profissionais em decorrência do aspecto nasal pós-operatório; 75% afirmaram estar muito ou completamente confiantes de que a aparência de seu nariz era a melhor possível de ser obtida; 76,7% afirmaram que definitivamente não gostariam de alterar a aparência do nariz com outra cirurgia; e 83,4% afirmaram que definitivamente não gostariam de alterar a função nasal com outra cirurgia. CONCLUSÕES: Constatou-se que a rinoplastia realizada no Serviço de Cirurgia Plástica da Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre apresentou alto índice de satisfação dos pacientes.

BACKGROUND: There are currently few studies assessing patient satisfaction after rhinoplasty or other aesthetic procedures. This is a retrospective study of patient satisfaction after rhinoplasty performed at the Plastic Surgery Department of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre. METHODS: All (n = 119) patients who underwent rhinoplasty at the Plastic Surgery Department of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre between 2007 and 2009 were requested to fill out a validated questionnaire to assess the degree of postoperative satisfaction. RESULTS: Sixty (50.42%) patients were included in the study. The global satisfaction index with respect to the aesthetic and functional results showed that 85.48% of the patients were satisfied; 88.3% of patients were pleased with the aesthetic results, and 83.3% reported satisfactory functional results and could breathe easily. Regarding the impression of the patients' family and friends, 93.3% reported that they were completely pleased; 93.3% reported that the postoperative nasal form rarely or never limited social or professional activities; 75% of the patients were completely confident that nasal appearance was the best possible, while 76.7% reported that their nasal appearance could not be changed by another surgery and 83.4% did not believe that nasal function could be changed with another surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Rhinoplasty performed at the Plastic Surgery Department of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Porto Alegre resulted in a high level of patient satisfaction.

INTRODUÇÃO: A cirurgia reconstrutiva do lábio, seja superior ou inferior, possibilita sua reconstrução por meio de uma variedade de técnicas cirúrgicas. Nessas reconstruções, é importante avaliar as características do tecido (cor da pele, textura), o qual sempre que possível deve ser utilizado próximo ao local da lesão, para fornecer o melhor resultado estético e funcional possível. RELATO DO CASO: O presente trabalho tem como objetivo descrever a técnica de Bernard-Burow para reconstrução de lábio inferior, e revisar a anatomia do terço inferior da face, por meio do relato de caso de um paciente que foi mordido por um cavalo e teve avulsão de lábio inferior e porção mentoneana e submentoneana da face.

BACKGROUND: The reconstructive surgery of the lip, upper or lower, presents a variety of techniques and procedures. In reconstructive surgery of lip is important to evaluate the characteristics of tissue (skin color, texture), which wherever possible should be used near the site of injury to provide the least morbidity and best tissues in colors and texture. CASE REPORT: This article aims to describe the Bernard-Burow technique for reconstruction of lower lip, and review the anatomy of the lower third of the face, through the case report of a patient who was bitten by a horse and had avulsion of lower lip and mentoniane portion of the face.